曹运是中国古代一项很特殊且无比重要的经济制度,意思就是通过河道大规模调运粮食以及其他物资。 相比于不同朝代经济运行方式的截然不同,朝运却是一项穿越青年、一直广受统治者欢迎的基本国策。在农业社会,国家运转的基础就是粮食的运转。通过低成本的水陆运输,朝运起到了经济调控、政治稳定、国防保障等重要的作用。 因此朝运制度自先秦到清代,用康有为的话说,都是国之大政。尤其在魏晋之后,中国经济难移,政治中心与经济中心出现了分离的趋势,因此将南方的粮食源源不断的供给到北方,尤其是京师以及边防变成了朝运最重要的工作, 以至于后世受到曹运也可以特指南梁北调这条路线。然而中国地理西高东低,为何多以东西走向为? 因此南梁北道想要通过河流运输,就必须进行一些人工运河的挖掘,来连通不同水系。早在春秋时期,吴国就在经江苏境内开凿用来连接长江和淮河的水系潭沟, 后在隋阳帝时期被大规模扩建,连接到了洛阳,史称隋唐大运河。而元朝时接连挖通了汇通河和贾鲁河,又将隋唐时期的运河返修改道,直通元大都北京, 成就了世界上里程最长、工程量最大也最古老的运河。京杭大运河途经浙江、江苏、山东、河北以及京津地区,形成了明清草原的最终形态。 在明景泰年间,几乎所有的江南省份以及两湖地区都在正式文件中被赋予了明确的草原任务,每年多少是粮食,几月几日之前必须运地精神,否则时期当斩。 为了催促这个目标顺利进行,瓦拉留学生朱启正的弟弟景泰迪朱启玉还专门设置了一个曹运衙门,管设的叫做曹运总督,总理全国曹镇总督,下设十二个分公司的经理,各率领自己的人马驻达在曹运任务繁重的时针,以确保曹运任务的保质保量完成, 曹运的磨合也就正式展开了。刚刚说过,对于农业社会来说,粮食就是帝国的命脉,让各地税粮可以流转,尤其是拱卫京都,乃是帝国天资一号的大省,因此被派往各地的曹运光源往往有着与他们品级不匹配的特殊权利。 尤其在财权方面,曹运本身就有水破风,为了保卫这条有水破风的路线,朝廷往往又要拨下巨款来维系,因此曹运工作是个美财。尤其到了清朝,经济和农业中心的进一步难移,让曹运工作显得愈发重要, 这关系到全国产业的发展,地区经济平衡的命脉,这也让曹运作为一个体系变得越来越庞大,并且只能变强,不能削弱。当一个衙门被赋予了极大的权利和资源的时候,所以这样的弊病也就慢慢显现出来。 首先是成本,内核水印虽然安全便利,但受限于内核深度和规模,以及水陆地形的复杂,其成本着实惊人的高。最大的成本是人力成本。 据明史记载,光京杭运河维系曹运安全的曹兵就有十二万之多,就这个数量和参与曹运的工人数量相比,也仅仅是个零头,每个工人都要工钱,都要吃喝拉撒,每个围安的士兵都有愤怒,这加在一起就是一个惊人的数量。 不论是赢钱还是粮食本身,其次还有船只的保养维护费用也不容小觑。再加上自然灾害、黄河捣乱、自然水系改道等 的因素,河道书俊的工作也是有发生。总而言之,曹运烧钱太烧钱了。到了清朝中后期,随着人力成本的上升,曹运的烧钱特征来到了巅峰。 有清代学者黄梦为就在他的停槽润中计算过,从杭州运一时两时到今路上除了花费将近两到三十等量的粮食,还要花费赢钱不下二十两。因此,发展到这个时期的曹薇,是个纯粹亏钱的坑爹买卖, 他依然发展的如火如荼,就显得非常魔幻。这时候,有识之士将眼光放到了离内河不远更加浩瀚的海洋之上,都是用水陆运输,通过海洋进行潮运,岂不比这内河强? 至少从自然条件上,用大型船只吃水深度可以毫无顾忌,不用担心黄河绝地固水剂缺水、部分河道淤塞等等问题,更不用担心沿途匪患。接近了大量的安保 成本建议海运的学子计算过,相比于内核运输商敌一千自省两三千的愚蠢运输方式,海运成本可以节省至少百分之七八十,看着百利而无一害,因此有名一代自成化年年起,就不断有官员出来要为海运站台,宣传海运的优势, 这里面不乏侍郎、巡抚,甚至内戈中枢这样的大人物。然而事情真的这么简单吗?显然没有。一直到晚清,曹运的业务还是依然集中在内河,海运的规模与之相比,辽盛于吴,这又是为什么呢?其实原因很简单,有人反对,而且这反对的声音很大, 反对人很多。这些坚守内核曹运的老哥,很明显是这个制度的受益者。曹运从真粮运粮、仓储、装卸,几乎每一个环节都有被管理钻控制的腐化机会。这样,曹运任务有着明确的数量和时间节点、工作性质,无形之中把这条 条线上的负责人串成了一条绳上的蚂蚱。进入曹运官场,小能清官,就你一个环节,刚正不讹,不跟我们玩,那我们不连起手来干掉你,还等你回来害死我们所有人吗? 为了保住自己的灰色范围,这些人抨击海运的方式主要有这么几种,一就是疯狂宣传外国敌对势力的洗脑,包括那些海盗、东洋倭寇等等。他们经常在国家想要进行海运尝试的时候,加大这种舆论宣传,甚至亲自跑到外海和倭寇以及海盗勾结。 有时候海盗或者倭寇不够用了,其实加进后期啊,倭寇置换就已经消除的差不多了,他们干脆自己派人扮成海盗坚守自盗,从而逼迫于情,放弃海洋草原,坚守内核。 比如明嘉靖二十年,素丝收装有近七十万式粮食的远洋货人,从长江口的苏州港出海运到天津港, 拆下来一看只剩下四十万石,损失率高达近四成。押送的官员急忙解释道,说路遇海岛被抢夺十余万石,加上路途海浪风波,损毁十余万石。事后查明,就是江苏延安几个曹运大镇的官员集资演了一场戏而已, 被抢夺的粮食后又被转运回到了自己的仓库。而所谓损毁固然是有,但大多数也是一开始的虚报蛮报而已。除此之外,利用封建君主对社会稳定的执念来宣传内核曹运乃百万曹公衣食所系这个吓唬人的概念,从而达到保守不变的目的。 曹运真的有百万这么大的人力吗?可能是有的,根据黄文宇在毕业论文明代的曹运译文中记载,仅江苏通州,也就是县南通到宜真,也就是现如今扬州代管的宜真市,那么短短一百多公里的河道,就有曹公四万七千余人。要知 这还是在平原水路发达的江南地区,如果要算水路条件更差的北方,整条京杭运河将近一千八百公里,需要的曹公可不就是真有百万之举? 尽管百万曹公一时所细,这句话并非历史原文,而是一本现代小说,但却真实的反映出当时曹云的规模和曹云既得利益者保驾统治者的筹码。 他们真的这么在意百万曹公的利益吗?显然他们是无所谓的,在乎的终究是自己的腰包。百万曹公如果真的失去了工作,社会就会动乱,社会就会动乱了吗?其实也不一定,没试过,谁也不知道, 当年既然老板不敢试,恐怕从下岗曹宫里出一个陈胜吴广李自成动摇国本,那么这些蛀虫就会玩命的吹吹着乱局越恐怖越好。最后再来说说记得利益者究竟是谁?曹运系统的官员自 是其中之一,而各地负责集散仓储的明星重镇地方官,也是这个体系的重要维护者,比如江苏的苏西、城淮正阳都是其中的翘楚。 尽管没有曹运,这些地区也是负数之地,但曹运就像是今天的高铁,让经济活动变得频繁密切, 仿佛从这个意义上来说,曹运损失的钱倒也没有那么亏了。除此之外,曹运在明清也有点像我们如今的房地产或者电动车上下游的潜能力量十分的巨大。每年的河道疏峻、修潮造路都是和曹运有关的大型基建项目, 而制造船制的木材、野金以及各种原材料也都消耗量巨大,创造了非常多的就业。如果在顺上运河两边,因为曹运所带起来的,比如餐饮、住宿、戏院甚至等服务业,那更是一笔好大的生意。所以曹运动不。 乾隆八年,几十宗中恒,相当于今天的纪委监察部门的领导,曾应乾隆的要求,对曹运做了一个详细的专项调查,表哥非常认真,亲自联合走访 采访官吏,也采访百姓,最终送上去一份洋洋洒洒上万字的行业研究报告,乾隆收到后大阅,然而仔细研读之后,乾隆就眉头紧锁,长坐不语。中恒也很快此官不做。显然这报告的内容太过紧锁,也太过真实,真实到乾隆爷也不知如何是好。 乾隆的儿子嘉庆在继位后的几年,非常想要一改他老爹末年腐化落后的官场风气,于是想到了用曹运开道。根据记载,嘉庆三年,清政府开始正式系统性规划全国性的各个港口的海陆,曹运从广州港到宁波,到青岛,再到天津,以及配合这些海运港口的 物体配套。然而历史在这之后就出现了真空这么个记载,就这么一个头,之后就再难找到这个国家规号的后续更新了,更多的还是京杭大运国的曹运故事,百万曹公一时所系,是一个雷,也是一个机遇。出现这句话这个概念,就意味着这个系统出现了问题, 考验的终究还是封建统治者的智慧。
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废曹改海也难怪乎断然不许,于是百万曹公的利益代表们岂能坐以待毙呢?江苏曹运总督拒绝反对,奏情缓议和喊并运,并且说如果拒改海运,曹传大幅歇减,失业水手啊难以安置,势必成为不安因素。 果然,道光二十八年,失业水手与英国传教士在青浦发生冲突,演变成外交事件,导致朝廷与英国的关系紧张。当时已经是鸦片战争之后了,你可想象朝廷对此的顾虑有多深,废曹改海哪里还敢再推行下去呢?但是问题依然摆在那里,改革的脚步在后面的皇帝当中仍然不能停止, 只能不断的去改变策略,改变节奏,就这么一直走走停停,一直到同质地。李鸿章当了两江总部,废槽改海,历经数次改革,除了有些收入呢从地方转移到了朝廷,但是老百姓的负担却 最终一分都不少,以至于李鸿章说,小明高血渐进,而荆楚仍觉空虚。曹运改海费了这么大的劲,始终难有改观,还不如不改。历经几度春秋,数人皇帝的改革,似乎对这个既要又要还要的不可能问题都束手无策, 难道这个问题当真无解吗?事实证明呢,既然是无解问题,历代名相大儒那么多聪明人都解决不了,那就说明他就必定是无解的,这世上哪来这么多既要又要?但他最后还是被解决了,因为问题本身已经不再是问题。 鸦片战争之后,随着西方资本主义经济对中国农业经济的侵蚀,中国以田富为基础的税收基础也随之动摇,取而代之的是以海关税收、商业离金为主的商业税。田富在乾隆年间,丰年尚能取得五千万两白银的收入,占朝廷总收入的百分之七十三。 而到了光绪年间,随着引进作物的升级,田富居然可以已经达到了一万万两白银的收入。但是田富所占总收入的比例是多少呢?竟然下滑到了百分之三十五。秦皇朝的税收已经变成了以海关收入为主,鸦片战争之后,蜻蜓的税收收入反而大大超过了康且盛世, 客观上为清朝的续命提供了物质基础。既然田赋不再是朝廷收入的主流,有其他更可观的税源相替代,曹运自然也就从原先的主要矛盾变为了次要矛盾,成为了无甚紧要的边缘问题。 解开死结的最终方法呢,往往需要压力山大,从更高的维度去消灭问题本身。由此也可以看到,既要又要解决朝廷对曹运的依赖程度,同时还要且要百万曹公的衣食所系,单纯从曹运着手不是一个好的解题思路。跳出问题本身,想办法扩 扩大税源或者替换掉税源,本身才是阻力最小之结。在改革过程当中,也切记幅度过大,力度过急,否则也容易适得其反。原本明星所这样的一方也会搞得自己很被动。 这期视频呢,就是跟大家随便聊聊,各位看官也就看个乐呵。不过呢,更视频确实不易,还是麻烦看官们点个赞,你的分享转发就是对我最大的支持,我是和少,谢谢大家,我们下期再见!

正如某位 ceo 说的我也不是那么想加薪,但我总不能比下面的人工资低吧。所以害怕他们只能勉为其难的加上那么一点。弗莱克还说, 他们甚至可以表面上放弃这次加薪,减少内阁的反弹,等风头过去再补发。而汉普来则把这个议案讨论的时间特地留在了内阁会议的最后五分钟。 一方急外生枝,可是怕什么来什么。别忘了,十号里还有位公务员克星多罗西。哈克这次留了个心眼,提前嘱咐他为公务员嘉兴写个研究报告。果然,弗兰克的伎俩在他看来, 就像被针扎过的购物袋,到处漏水。他给哈克去的电话,想起,想了他看出的破绽。只可惜他毕竟不是体制内的人。忘了,除了手下的私人专线,其他电话通话时,伯纳德都要做监体和记录。而这一次是关整个公园体系的利益。 小天使决定要帮汉姆来一把。哈哈哈哈, 帅帅哥,哈哈哈! yes, bennet there has been movement on one subject on a subject on which the civil service hopes there will be no movement the civil service generally hopes there will be no movement on any subject hahaha, uh yes something, but what i mean is it's in relation to a subject, which is normally, holy and exclusively within the control of the civil service that developments have developed you're speaking in riddles bernard oh, thank you sir that was not a top momentum make yourself clear, please, i'm sorry sir hunting my lips are sealed i am referring confidentially to minutes that i was duty bound to make of a confidential compensation between the prime minister and one of his confidential advisers which advisor i'm sorry sir humpy are not at liberty to divulge her name thank you bernard hahahaha and his confidential advice was to do with the financial crisis was it oh, no so hungry much more important, not his silly nuclear strategy hahaha much more important don't mean the civil service pay claim hahaha what do you advise bernard? well, i advise you consider your position carefully perhaps adopting a more flexible posture while keeping your ear to the ground covering your retreat and watching your rear hahaha thank you bernard you've been a great help actually, sir humphrey i haven't told you anything i should hope not bernard that would have been most improper my minister sir humphrey's here flexible 如果直接去找哈克,就不会留给汉弗莱反应的时间了。原本按照他的脾气,说不定一言不合就跟哈克杠上了,但此刻汉弗莱的态度,连哈克都觉得自己是不是产生了幻觉。 you agree yes, you agree with me i agree with you hahaha ah i i just i do who do you agree with with you hahahaha not with your friend no, you're not arguing with me no perhaps i have made myself quite clear i agree with you that was very fair minded really isn't it oh, yes prime minister if there were a conflict of interests, which side of the civil service really on the winning side 哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈博纳德这句话的意思是,公务员本身也是工会的成员。换句话说,在加薪问题上,他们既是参赛选手,又是裁判, 所以不管最后结果如何,他们都会立于不败之地,俗称迎麻了。有幸于此,汉服来暂时站在了反对嘉兴的这一方。他决定去找一位段位更高的人来找破解之道。这个人当然就是阿诺德。多罗西就对这份报告提出了很多质疑。 首先是嘉兴百分之四十三,这个比例太刺眼了。阿洛德的办法是改变土地形式,比如在伦敦工作的公务员们可以享受大幅提高的伦敦津贴,而津贴并不算在嘉兴的百分比里。其次,这是用到了前面汉普来说过的穴位等级的伏笔。 then you could introduce a special graduate alove for those with first and up a second to aid recruitment alex, who doesn't give up a second does it a second of oxford counts is not per second then you double the outstanding mirror towards i take it people still get them oh, yes, everyone hahaha so they don't count his rises either are we getting there well that still gets us down to any about eighteen percent since last time yeah, ah, then don't calculate from last time calculate from nineteen seventy three that was the high point and don't just take it to this year take it up to two years time the end of this claim period rather than the beginning correcting for inflation that should do it well, the percentage increases will sound all right now, but that still leaves a problem the overall civil service pay bill will still be too high oh, that's easy you must reduce the size of the civil service hahaha what hahaha? yes, but we have reductions in the size of the service to be the end of civilization of zero hahaha, no, my dear humphrey all you do is stop calling them civil servants take the museum as for instance if you turn them into independent trusts, then all the stars stop being classified as civil servants there's still the same people doing the same job and still being paid by government grants of course, but as it's a grant it doesn't count in the pay statistics unless anyone inquires closely it look like a cutback but can we set up so many trusts in time well, you may not have to do it at all it only has to be planned for some time in the next two years if it doesn't happen it won't be awful 阿诺德当然也是无力不起。 六月份就快到了,汉克兰会在这个传统授勋月请女王正式授予阿诺德巴斯勋爵位大师子勋章启示,也就是传说中的 gcb。 与此同时, 哈弗莱去阿诺德不要去跟弗兰克打招呼。就这样毫无准备的财政部成人秘书去。并且哈克、哈弗莱和多罗西也参加了这次会面。杜罗西上来就给了他一个下马威。弗兰克提醒加薪的理由是公务员部门的薪酬落后与行业平均水平。但那可是八十年代, 一位常人秘书的年份就已经超过了五万一千英镑。也就是说,白天同时养了几十位巨型企业的 ceo。 弗兰克显然有点慌了。 而汉普来则把自己宅的干干净净,说自己有既得利益应该回避。而弗兰克才是公务员部门的头头。罗罗西继续开炮,说你们要对标 ceo 的薪酬也就罢了, 但是企业高管有丢工作和公司倒闭的风险,你们却是响当当的金饭碗。心思一样就不合理了。弗兰克虽然想尽办法反驳,却就此陷入了多罗西造就挖好的陷阱。 well, there are swings and roundabouts what are the roundabouts a pressure long arts? don't there's happen in industry and industrial leaders have to take decisions and stand by them so do civil servants oh, really, i thought the ministers took the decisions and the blame that's the deal isn't it yes, well, ministers do of course take the decisions but civil servants have to decide how to carry it up? like a secretary deciding how to lay out a letter? yes, no, i think so humphrey knows what i mean well, it's up to you frank, you're in charge of civil service pay 此时的杜罗西 想起了跟医药代表砍价的采购部门,提出了公务员工作的低风险程度堪比慈善机构的主管,所以薪酬跟他们挂钩比较合理。那样的话, 成人别墅年薪得从五万一降到一万七。此外,你们不仅有新手拿,还有雷打不动的兽勋,那这个又值多少钱呢?不仅如此,考虑到普遍常识的公务员们的退休金,更是政府一笔沉重的负担。 oh, no, i don't think we'd never recruit i mean maral would plummet i'm sure sir, humphrey would agree humphrey well, it's my opinion that sir, frank is in charge of siddle seven and i do think that the prime minister is entitled to an answer frank and then there's the question of indexed pensions oh well, those would agree a long time ago, but they're still of considerable value aren't they a value? yes, but modest i have an estimate here that it would cost six hundred and fifty thousand pounds to buy back a permanent safe dispension ah, that's absurd how would you value it about a hundred thousand oh well in that case, i'll make you a deal frank, the government will buy back your pension and anyone else is who's willing to sell at your own valuation we'll pay you a hundred thousand in cash for your pension routes okay, i was talking out of the off the top of my head it could be that is i'm calculated it myself the figure of six hundred and fifty thousand comes from the society of insurance and pension actress 弗兰克作为经济专家,显然不懂经济,但没想到连数学都很差劲。于是杜洛西发起了最后的冲锋,提出了保大还是保小。 新手和爵位,你们只能选一个。 well, what about this for an idea, an index pension could be an alternative to honors? every civil servant could choose which where he wanted to take his reward honors or cash? but that's preposterous why? yes, why it would put us put them in an impossible position over what about those? who already have honors? it's quite simple they could choose whether to announce their honor or whether to announce their pension indexing what do you think so humphrey will you be mister appleby? you mean you'd be happy to be personally excluded from this rise i know the cabinet secretary would be wouldn't you humphrey well, if he were called the question is in essence and not so president and think of thinking of the service a whole from the river and the prevail on the terms of pixel of course, if if the government did believe that senior people should be paid less than their subordinates, and if the principal were extended to cabinet ministers and their junior ministers, anyway, frank thank you very much for coming hahaha thank you prime minister 原来汉弗莱也有自己的杀手本能。他突然想到把心思倒挂往哈克身上扯,一下子就脱身了。好在哈克的本意也不少,逼死他。多罗谢克、弗兰克只是两个工具人,敲打汉弗莱才是他的本意。 所以这季节的汉弗莱无时无刻不在对手相表的两个字,那就是忠臣,一举奠定了他在哈克心中的地位。 this is so difficult for me, one does so hate to be disloyal to one's colleagues clearly you've never been a cabinet minister i'd felt all along at the time of stringency that the treasury claim was too high not in the nation's interest very nice for civil servants of course, but not something that the cabinet secretary with his higher loyalty could recommend and that is why we don't let the permanent secretary to the treasury become head of the civil service? so i've taken the liberty of drawing up a much more modest submission, which as you will see is only eleven percent over two years with the top grades rising by only about the average and the overall civil service pay bill going up by only six sent a year over the period this looks much more reasonable yes, but of course the lure great will have to go through the normal procedures, but may i suggest that the first division claim should be processed with the utmost secrecy and speed secrets who are? well if there were widespread discussion, it might backfire some of our people might want to put in a much bigger claim much better to present them in a fetter company you see and may i advise against letting um advisors see it back benches always hate civil service pay rises oh, how interesting? you should say that i was just about to make suggestion a major reform yeah well, prime minister if m p salaries were to be linked to agreed in the civil service, they wouldn't have to keep voting themselves pay rises all the time every time the civil service got one they get one as well automatically and if m p's pensions were to be index linked as well, it would make a much less hostile to civil service pay claims certainly word excellent thank you ham five minutes ah um what grade? do you think back benches ought to be oh, i i thought senior principles rather low well, back benches are rather low hahaha to what grade should cabinet minister's building under secretaries and the prime minister well at the moment you earn even less than i do why don't you grade yourself? as a permanent secretary thank you andrea after all this is a popular ship yes, a real popular ship yes prime minister 讲完这几个剧情,我真的很难笑得出来。已经有人说要操控一场足球比赛, 仅仅收买一个裁判是不够的,逼中主裁到编裁甚至球员一起收买,这就是一种典型的权力寻租。前者则有一场球赛的胜负,而上升到国家层面昂贵的代价, 最终还是要人命来买单。因为镇逢新老内阁秘书交替,汉弗莱和弗兰克就是一些成功为公务员加薪来争夺公务员队伍的头把交易。最终还是得到伯纳德帮助的汉弗莱技高一筹。 剧中有个细节,这一场大家可以全体公务员谋福利的嘉兴一个基层通讯员每周只能加三点五报,而最上面的两个顶级文官则是两万多硬绑起。可见制定游戏规则的人能拿走大部分利益。而原先起到监督作用的意愿和首相,一旦利益一体均沾,马上就做一整 言辞的反对,倒直呼真香。这便是本级讽刺的主旨。西方式民主的弊病之一,就是谁也不肯,也无需负责,仅有偷工头 有新冠防疫。就像剧中的前首相,一进苗头不对就辞职了事。既然每个人都没必要负责任,那就都把精力放在捞取好处上,这才会出现经济危机下集体掌心的怪谈。而这个传统异能,也保留到了四十年后的今天。据英国媒体爆料,英国一位执政党的一员 在任职期间为两家公司带入顾问,收取了不菲的咨询费,并利用职务之便为这两家公司邮税,让其中一家公司获得了政府六英包的合同。 首相暴力思域汉训不得不为此道歉。而这一切,正如这集的标题合作伙伴和同谋共番,其实只有一线之隔。