挑战者号航天飞机怎么解体的
美国的航天飞机自从一九八一年投入使用后，连续六年都运转良好，没有出过任何事故，这就代表航天飞机的安全可靠性。也正因为如此， 航天飞机设计师就没有考虑逃生系统，那次对航天飞机的信心非常高。但这一切直到一九八六年发生了挑战者号航天事故。挑战者号最初计划于一月二十二日发射，结果发射一波三折。发射之前就遇到了很多问题， 刚开始由于恶劣的天气推迟发射，之后又发现外部舱门通道出现了问题，工作人员修好后，航天飞机着陆跑道上的侧风又超过了发射极限，只好一推再退，好像上天不想让调镇指号发射。直到一月二十八日，气候非常寒冷，低至零下零点五度，这也是允许发射的最低温度。 过低的温度让莫顿塞奥科公司的工程师感到担心，该公司是制造与维护航天飞机不及火箭助推器 srb 部件的承包商。在不及火箭助推器总 共有三处连接区域，在原始设计中便是以六个橡胶材质的欧循环保持密封，而原本仅只是专门焊接的莫顿塞奥和公司 同时也承包了在肯尼迪航天中心组装大楼的密封工程，他们负责将一个欧循环安装在固体火建筑推起上来保持其密封性。但是在低温下，欧循环的密封性可能会失效，从而导致燃料泄漏。但是穆顿塞奥克公司的管理层觉得不会失效， 那塞也听从了他们的建议，决定执行发射任务。发射前，由于低温，航天飞机被大量冰雪覆盖，冰雪小组在红外摄像机中发现，六 csrb 部件尾部接放处的温度仅有零下十三度，远远低于欧循环的设计呈现温度。 而此时欧循环早已经因低温而失去效率，但这个信息从未传达给决策层，只是对其进行了储血工作，这就注定了挑战者号的结局。挑战者号搭载了七名宇航员，五名男性，两名女性，其中一名女性克里斯坦迈克 夫是太空教学计划的第一名成员，他原本准备在太空中向学生授课，因此有许多学生也观看了挑战者号的发射直播。一九八六年一月二十八日上午十一时三十九分，挑战者号正式发射深攻六秒后，一股黑灰色的烟雾从右侧火箭尾部喷出， 升空三十五秒，航天飞机达到最大 q 之时即飞行物可承受的最大拉力，同时遭遇了航天飞机程序记录中最强烈的风切变。升空五十八秒，一台追踪摄像机捕捉到了右侧 srb 靠近尾部支架处出现了阴影，可燃气体开始泄露出来。升空六十秒，地面人员已经可以观察到明显火焰， 火焰延长，同时开始灼烧外出香。六十八秒，地面控制中心通知航天员们执行加速指令。真空气十三秒，航天飞机解体爆炸，变成了一堆白色烟雾和无数碎片。面对这突如其来的画面，地面控制中心工作人员沉默了长达十几秒。同时许多学生正在观看挑战者号的发 发射直播，看到了这样恐怖的场景，纷纷大惊失色。航天飞机解体后，本体并没有发生爆炸，但是随着航天飞机接近最大 qq 后，被巨大的空气动力迅速撕裂。 解体后陈元仓至少还有三名航天员存活着，并暂时具有意识。但随后陈元仓以大约三百三十四千米时的速度撞击海面，导致了超过二百记的瞬间减速，远远超过了人类存活极限，所有宇航员死的全部失去了意识。 事后调查，事故的原因正是由于温度过低，高循环的密封性失效导致燃料泄漏，最终导致航天飞机爆炸解体。丹丹三认为，事故的原因是由于内部沟通机制不完善导致的， 挑战者号并没有设立逃生系统。能塞曾表示，航天飞机非常安全可靠，不需要逃生系统。尽管发生了如此大的航天事故，但能塞并没有汲取教训，反而让同样的悲剧再次上演。
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01:20查看AI文稿AI文稿一九八六年一月二十八日，挑战者号航天飞机矗立在佛罗里达的严寒晨光中，这是他的第十次飞行任务。上午十一时三十八分，固体火箭助推器点火，航天飞机在烈焰与蒸汽中庄严升 空七十三秒，飞行器正以约两倍音速爬升。地面控制中心仍报告飞行正常， 右侧助推器的 o 型密封却因低温失效，高温燃气开始侵蚀外部燃料舱的结构，燃料舱骤然破裂，挑战者号在一万六千米高空化作一团急剧扩散的灰白色烟云。 观众席的欢呼瞬间冻结任务控制中心的多块屏幕同时定格在异常数据流上。 七名宇航员全部遇难，其中包括计划进行全球直播授课的教师克里斯塔麦考利夫。 这场灾难导致航天飞机计划停飞三十二个月，并彻底重构了美国航天工业的安全文化。
02:49查看AI文稿AI文稿航员们已经全部绿了，在随后的调查中表明，在航天飞机爆炸后，至少有三名航天员没有当场去世，他们打开了头盔上的应急供氧设备，最终由于高空坠落而去世。 时任美国总统的李根亲自下令成立调查委员会。几个月后，事故原因查明。航天飞机系统是由四大部件组成，第一就是航天飞机本体，第二就是中间巨大的航天飞机外挂燃料箱，这个燃料箱特别巨大，有点喧宾夺主， 它其实就是个外皮很薄的煤气罐，相当于航天飞机的副油箱，它并没有自己独立的推进器，整个罐体重达二十八吨，但其内部可以充注七百六十吨的液氧和液氢，真的可以称为薄皮大线，可见它有很大的安全隐患。 最后就是两个巨型固体火箭助推器，每个五百九十吨，两个合计可以提供两千五百吨的推力。每个助推 器直径三点七米，有六十多米长，这么大的玩意没办法一次浇筑成型，只能七米一根，像钓鱼竿一样一段一段的插起来，外表是钢壳，非常结实，连大爆炸都没能炸碎它。 但是每段钢壳之间的接缝处却容易泄露高温高压气体，于是就用了最简单的办法，就是在这些缝隙上套上了二层的橡胶圈，仅仅用两层橡胶圈来强行封堵温度超过两千五百摄氏度，压力惊人的高速燃气，这么做早晚要出大问题。 在挑战者号爆炸前，火箭厂家已经发现密封橡胶圈每次发射都被高温彻底融化的现象。 以前燃气没有出事，第一是因为外圈的第二层橡胶圈还没有失效，第二是靠固体燃料剧烈燃烧时，临时形成了一层与氧化物容渣，等于是自带一定的密封隔热性质。但是这层容渣并不稳定，遇到猛烈的震 震动就会自然脱落。因此过去发射固体火箭没有严重泄露高压高温燃气其实都是偶然的，最终出问题才是必然的。同时橡胶这种材料不耐低温，在低温环境下他会硬化，硬化后的密封效果大大降低，导致内部燃气开始泄露，从而引发爆炸。 当时两名参与制造固体火箭的工程师已向管理层提出了警告，但是因为发射任务已经推迟了好几次，管理层否决了工程师的建议，只是把发射时间推迟了两小时。 原本以为挑战者号会在发射台上直接爆炸，令人欣慰的是，这并没有发生，但这种侥幸只维持了几十秒。 在挑战者号爆炸前十五秒，一股强烈的高空川流袭来，引发了组合体的强烈震动，导致铝渣被震动脱落，推进器开始起火，高温烧穿了外挂燃料箱，数百吨液氢和液氧被 瞬间点燃，引发了大爆炸。如果挑战者号没有遇到川流，或许铝渣不会脱落，在坚持一分多钟，推进器就会被丢掉，飞行器就可以顺利进入太空，宇航员们也会幸存，但是真的没有如果。视频就到这里了，我是陆克，喜欢我的可以关注下，下期更加精彩！
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02:14查看AI文稿AI文稿team and his ten nine eight seven six main engine start four three two one lift off lift off of the twenty fifth space of the mission and it is cleared the tower the grow program confirmed challenger now heading down right three engines are running normally break the fuel down for tells to four point three nautical miles down range distance three nautical miles engines throttling up three inches now a hundred and four percent challenger go and draw up dick mike judy hell ron greg and krista your families and your country morn your passing we bid you goodbye， we will never forget you。
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00:48查看AI文稿AI文稿一九八六年一月二十八日，挑战者号航天飞机在美国佛罗里达肯尼迪航天中心发射升空。七名宇航员中还有一位女教师，他叫克里斯塔迈考利福， 计划他将太空授课。有数万人现场观看发射过程。挑战者号航天飞机升空后，因其右侧固体火箭柱推起的欧循环密封圈失效，是高速飞行中的航天飞机。在发射后的第七十三秒，在 一点五万米高空突然爆炸解体。机上七名宇航员全部离难。挑战者号的残骸散落在大海之中。全球有十亿人通过电视直播目睹了航天飞机爆炸的惨烈过程。他们是人类探索太空的英雄。
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09:08查看AI文稿AI文稿welcome sir was this an accident that did not have to happen yes， it was it was an accident。。 there had many many warnings that there was something wrong and that might sooner or later go off and the warnings were disregarded， disregarded out of incompetence out of a faulty system out of bad judgment out of for what reason had some difficulty with that that。。 kind of imagine that something like a child that runs in the in the road and the parent is very upset and says it's very dangerous and the child comes back and says been nothing happened。。 and he runs out in the road again， several times and parent keeps saying it's dangerous and nothing happens if the。。 child's view that nothing happened is a clue that there was nothing going to happen then that's gonna be an accident you could hear break， break， squealing a couple of times that's leakage in the gas is going through the rings and so forth， but again and again i saw in looking through this。。 statements this new flight is within our database which just means nothing happened before it's about the same as we did before so it can't be unsafe because it was okay， last time and that as a kind of childish attitude。。 that uh the mother correspond to the engineers here right and the management corresponding to the children and that's the way i look at it and i don't know what you would say sooner later the child gets run over is it an accident no， it's not an accident and yet your commission and we just heard。。 chairman rogers your chairman say we should we're not here to blame anybody why not why not？ why is somebody not blamed。。 i don't know how to assign blame and whether it does any good the question is how do we educate the child， the question is you could say you blame the child for being a little foolish。 but it's very difficult i tried to figure out why they have this this attitude and why they weren't paying attention？ i've tried various theories and i really don't know the ultimate cause what's your theory well， one of the。。 there's truth there is people a lot of people say to me that there's some kind of of an idea in management that the incompetence reaches its level or whatever，， but i had another idea，， but i don't know whether it's right。。 that is that in the beginning all kinds of exaggerations were made about what this thing can do it can fly 60 flights it will only cost so much it will be recoverable and there be no real problems。。 the engineers at the bottom is probably scream this is my imagination is screaming up no， no， it can't be this way it can't be this way we can only go ten face i haven't got enough equipment to train that many cruise a year so forth and so on and the people at the top were talking to congress don't wanna hear this and so they discouraged。。 information for moving up you see it was just after they were so successful with apollo and in that case they were doing a project with just a little bit harder than they could do just a little bit harder so they could do it and it would solve one problem this is my imagine， i'm imagine， i was good yeah， somebody would say。 we can how we gonna make a space suit finally got a solution to that they get excited and tell the others fellows are working on some other problem gets a solution to his problem and there's a lot of into communication because this excitement and motivation， but when the piece is not always necessarily a bad thing right， no not at all it's what makes it going that's why it worked okay with the apollo。 but then when they have this other project， which is so to speak impossible from an engineering point of view it's unrealistic they don't wanna hear what happens it does it goes up at each level in a bureaucracy kind of understands what it's supposed to do。 keep it from the other guys that they don't have to hear it they don't wanna hear it they don't wanna hear it because would be uncomfortable to be going and saying we're gonna do sixty flights a year when just that morning they were told that it's impossible that's with theory now i okay as you know the professor of physics。 a lot of management and human relations and so it's very likely not right but you asked me for my theory at the one of the heroines by fact i think it was the first public hearing you。 took a glass of water and dropped a piece of a rubber seal into a glass of water and made the demonstration that cold weather is not necessarily a good thing。。 for a rubber seal， where you proven was your theory in the glass been proven correct you think that's really what caused this seal to go bad it was too cold that's one of the one of the possibilities certainly was one of the possibilities。 it's definite that when the temperature is reduced on the seals the way they were being used in that device in the shuttle temperature has a very bad effect what caused a certain amount of troubles that o ring seals is usually。 in automobiles inside are in a position where the space is constant that the space that they have to doesn't move and therefore resilience is not vital and the temperature is not it's not sensitive to temperature so everybody thought seals are not sensitive to temperature。 but the way this year was being used the spacing between the rings and so on would vibrate as the thing blew up with the pressure would move and the ring has to follow that and when it's cold it can follow that so that's definitely a possible contributor，， but as we looked into this thing we found so many other problems associated with the seal design。 that there was a kind of putty that could have holds blown into it there was problems about whether there were all other kinds of difficulties i got just so that be accomplished decide， exactly what it was and i won't be able to say that it was solely the temperature，， but that's。 certainly was a possibility how do you feel about the job your commission did generally， i think we did a pretty good job it turned out to be easier in some respects than we could've imagined it was i want you to find out what happened i was， i was curious why did chairman rogers say at the white house today that it would turn out to be more difficult than he thought it was gonna be what was he talking about。 well， maybe we had different expectations it's strange because at the very beginning of this commission meetings， i remember mister rogers saying well of course we may never find out what may the accident occur。 and that turned out that's what i meant was easy， i say you know what happened， we know what happened now the what was difficult and i think maybe he's referring to this was the discovery of these weaknesses inside of nasa and their attitudes this kind of illogic about。。 safety and so forth， which was so extensive from an organization， which had such a reputation in the country that it was hard for us to find it out in a sort of emotional way as to have to come around and say that the wizard of us， which everybody respect has nothing behind it。。 the new york times almost almost okay the new york times reported this morning that you had some you had a clash with chairman rogers over an appendix and other and also。。 elizabeth bracket and her report referred to that passion what's that all about well， that's terribly exaggerated that got into the news somehow， i have no control of news or no experience with。。 at one point， i had written a document which was meant for the other commissioners， i had investigated a number of things and i was just sending them a note。 telling him what i found and it wasn't written for publication ah then there was a discussion the various commissioner members of look at it said it was pretty good and we ought to just put it in the。。 report，， but it wasn't it was written a personal style wasn't proper for the rest of the report， so since we're going to have appendices， which have a lot of detail they said let's put it in appendix，， and i'm very happy with that。。 but because we had this hot habit of modifying and and trying to keep things short by cutting things down at repetitious and there were some things in there that were also in the report， it started to modify this， and i looked at it， and i thought it was nice the way i wrote it you know so i asked。。 that it be put in the since it was in the appendix and we weren't so worried about space let's leave it in the appendix， without any modification at all。。 said okay，， but look at this sentence isn't written very well and i agreed definitely it was only a suggestion。 that i changed the sentence and i changed it，， but because i lost any ideas， i had said the same idea and i careful and much more can。。 quiet way earlier on in a paragraph and there was no need to repeat it improved the sentences just typographical。。 i also made another change where i found a sentence had bad grammar nobody knows about that one there's no stink about that one， so， there's no stinkier， there's no stinkier at all no sir。。 there's no problem so as far as you're concerned this was a unanimous report from the commission and yes sir， you didn't go away with any scars and neither did chairman right。。
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